| Pineapple | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A pineapple, on its parent plant | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Monocots |
| (unranked): | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Bromelioideae |
| Genus: | Ananas |
| Species: | A. comosus |
| Binomial name | |
| Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. | |
| Synonyms | |
| Ananas sativus | |
Pineapple is eaten fresh or canned or juiced. It is popularly used in desserts, salads, as a complement to meat dishes and in fruit cocktail. The popularity of the pineapple is due to its sweet-sour taste containing 15% sugar and malic and citric fruit acids. It is also high in vitamin B1, B2, B6 and C. Its protein-digesting enzyme bromelain seems to help digestion at the end of a high protein meal.[4]
In the Philippines, pineapple leaves are used as the source of a textile fiber called piña.
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Etymology
In the scientific binomial Ananas comosus, ananas, the original name of the fruit, comes from the Tupi (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) word nanas, meaning "excellent fruit",[6] as recorded by André Thevet in 1555, and comosus, "tufted", refers to the stem of the fruit. Other members of the Ananas genus are often called pine as well by laymen.
Many languages use the Tupian term ananas. In Spanish, pineapples are called piña "pine cone" in Spain and most Hispanic American countries, or ananá (ananás in Argentina) (see the piña colada drink). They have varying names in the languages of India: "Anaasa" (అనాస) in Telugu, "Sapuri-PaNasa" (ସପୁରି ପଣସ) in Odia language,annachi pazham (Tamil), anarosh (Bengali), and in Malayalam, kaitha chakka. In Malay, pineapples are known as "nanas" or "nenas". In the Maldivian language of Dhivehi, pineapples are known as alanaasi. A large, sweet pineapple grown especially in Brazil is called abacaxi [abakaˈʃi].
Botany
The pineapple is a herbaceous short-lived perennial plant which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 metres (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall. The plant only produces one fruit and then dies. Commercially suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more long, narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves with sharp spines along the margins that are 30 to 100 centimetres (1.0 to 3.3 ft) long, surrounding a thick stem. In the first year of growth the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months the stem grows into a spike-like inflorescence up to 15 cm long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. Flower colours vary, depending on variety, from lavender, through light purple to red.
The ovaries develop into berries which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple accessory fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is arranged in two interlocking helices, eight in one direction, thirteen in the other, each being a Fibonacci number.[7]
Pineapple carries out CAM photosynthesis, fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acid malate and then releasing it during the day, aiding photosynthesis.
Pollination
Pollination is required for seed formation, but the presence of seeds negatively affects the quality of the fruit. In Hawaii, where pineapple is cultivated on an agricultural scale, importation of hummingbirds is prohibited for this reason.[8] Certain bat-pollinated wild pineapples only open their flowers at night.Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 202 kJ (48 kcal) |
| Carbohydrates | 12.63 g |
| Sugars | 9.26 g |
| Dietary fiber | 1.4 g |
| Fat | 0.12 g |
| Protein | 0.54 g |
| Thiamine (Vit. B1) | 0.079 mg (6%) |
| Riboflavin (Vit. B2) | 0.031 mg (2%) |
| Niacin (Vit. B3) | 0.489 mg (3%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 0.205 mg (4%) |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.110 mg (8%) |
| Folate (Vit. B9) | 15 μg (4%) |
| Vitamin C | 36.2 mg (60%) |
| Calcium | 13 mg (1%) |
| Iron | 0.28 mg (2%) |
| Magnesium | 12 mg (3%) |
| Manganese | 0.9 mg (45%) |
| Phosphorus | 8 mg (1%) |
| Potassium | 115 mg (2%) |
| Zinc | 0.10 mg (1%) |
| Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database | |
Pineapple contains a proteolytic enzyme, bromelain, which breaks down protein. Pineapple juice can thus be used as a marinade and tenderizer for meat. The enzymes in raw pineapples can interfere with the preparation of some foods, such as jelly or other gelatin-based desserts, but it is destroyed during cooking and the canning process. The quantity of bromelain in the fruit is probably not medically significant, being mostly in the inedible stalk.
Folk medicine
There are myths that pineapple has benefits for intestinal disorders[citation needed] or serves as a pain reliever.[citation needed]Distribution
The plant is indigenous to South America, though little is known about the origin of the domesticated pineapple (Pickersgill, 1976). M.S. Bertoni (1919)[10] considered the Parana—Paraguay river drainages to be the place of origin of A. comosus.[11] The natives of southern Brazil and Paraguay spread the pineapple throughout South America, and it eventually reached the Caribbean. Columbus discovered it in the Indies and brought it back with him to Europe.[12] The Spanish introduced it into the Philippines, Hawaii (introduced in the early 19th century, first commercial plantation 1886), Zimbabwe and Guam. The fruit was cultivated successfully in European hothouses, and pineapple pits, beginning in 1720.The pineapple was introduced to Hawaii in 1813; exports of canned pineapples began in 1892.[13] Large scale pineapple cultivation by U.S. companies began in the early 1900s on Hawaii. Among the most famous and influential pineapple industrialists was James Dole, who started a pineapple plantation in Hawaii in the year 1900.[13] The companies Dole and Del Monte began growing pineapple on the island of Oahu in 1901 and 1917, respectively. Maui Pineapple Company began pineapple cultivation on the island of Maui in 1909. In 2006, Del Monte announced its withdrawal from pineapple cultivation in Hawaii, leaving only Dole and Maui Pineapple Company in Hawaii as the USA’s largest growers of pineapples. Maui Pineapple Company markets its Maui Gold brand of pineapple and Dole markets its Hawaii Gold brand of pineapple.
In the USA in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets were divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took variety 73-114, which it dubbed MD-2, to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996. (Del Monte also began marketing 73-50, dubbed CO-2, as Del Monte Gold). In 1997, Del Monte began marketing its Gold Extra Sweet pineapple, known internally as MD-2. MD-2 is a hybrid that originated in the breeding program of the now-defunct Pineapple Research Institute in Hawaii, which conducted research on behalf of Del Monte, Maui Land & Pineapple Company, and Dole.
Cultivation
Southeast Asia dominates world production: in 2001 Thailand produced 1.979 million tons and the Philippines 1.618 million tons, while in the Americas Brazil produced 1.43 million tons. Total world production in 2001 was 14.220 million tons. The primary exporters of fresh pineapples in 2001 were Costa Rica, 322,000 tons; Côte d'Ivoire, 188,000 tons; and the Philippines, 135,000 tons.
In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially.
Cultivars
There are many cultivars. The leaves of the commonly grown 'Smooth Cayenne' are smooth.[14] and is the most commonly grown world wide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in Paraguay and the southern part of Brazil.[12] and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia. Varieties include:- 'Hilo': A compact 1–1.5 kg (2-3 lb) Hawaiian variant of 'Smooth Cayenne'. The fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers but no slips.
- 'Kona Sugarloaf': 2.5–3 kg (5-6 lb), white flesh with no woodiness in the center. Cylindrical in shape, it has a high sugar content but no acid. An unusually sweet fruit.
- 'Natal Queen': 1–1.5 kg (2-3 lb), golden yellow flesh, crisp texture and delicate mild flavor. Well adapted to fresh consumption. Keeps well after ripening. Leaves spiny. Grown in Australia, Malaysia, and South Africa.
- 'Pernambuco' ('Eleuthera'): 1–2 kg (2-4 lb) with pale yellow to white flesh. Sweet, melting and excellent for eating fresh. Poorly adapted for shipping. Leaves spiny.Grown in Latin America
- 'Red Spanish': 1–2 kg (2-4 lb), pale yellow flesh with pleasant aroma; squarish in shape. Well adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets. Leaves spiny. Grown in Latin America
- 'Smooth Cayenne': 2.5–3 kg (5-6 lb), pale yellow to yellow flesh. Cylindrical in shape and with high sugar and acid content. Well adapted to canning and processing. Leaves without spines. This is the variety from Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores. Both 73-114 and 73-50 are of this cultivar.
Ethno-medical usage
Both the root and fruit are sometimes eaten or applied topically as an anti-inflammatory and as a proteolytic agent. It is traditionally used as an antihelminthic agent in the Philippines.[15]Pests and diseases
Main article: List of pineapple diseases
Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases,[16] the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by mealybugs.[17] The mealybugs are generally found on the surface of pineapples, but can also be found inside the closed blossom cups.[18] Other diseases include pink disease,[19] bacterial heart rot, and anthracnose.Storage and transport
For home use, green pineapples will ripen naturally at room temperature,[20] though they can quickly over ripen.
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